persiancloobs
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Methylphenidate has some potential for abuse due to its action on dopamine transporters. Methylphenidate, like other stimulants, increases dopamine levels in the brain, but at therapeutic doses this increase is slow, and thus euphoria only rarely occurs even when it is administered intravenously.[SUP][98][/SUP] The abuse and addiction potential of methylphenidate is therefore significantly lower than other dopaminergic stimulants.[SUP][98][/SUP][SUP][99][/SUP] The abuse potential is increased when methylphenidate is crushed and insufflated (snorted), or injected.[SUP][100][/SUP] However, the dose that produces euphoric effects varies among individuals. The primary source of methylphenidate for abuse is diversion from legitimate prescriptions, rather than illicit synthesis. Those who use methylphenidate medicinally generally take it orally, while intranasal and intravenous are the preferred means for recreational use.[SUP][83][/SUP] IV users tend to be adults whose use may cause panlobular pulmonary emphysema.[SUP][87][/SUP]
Abuse of prescription stimulants is higher amongst college students than non-college attending young adults. College students use methylphenidate either as a study aid or to stay awake longer. Increased alcohol consumption due to stimulant misuse has additional negative effects on health.[SUP][101][/SUP]
Patients who have been prescribed Ritalin have been known to sell their tablets to others who wish to take the drug recreationally[SUP][citation needed][/SUP]. In the USA it is one of the top ten stolen prescription drugs.[SUP][medical citation needed][/SUP] Recreational users may crush the tablets and either snort the powder, or dissolve the powder in water, filter it through cotton wool into a syringe to remove the inactive ingredients and other particles and inject the drug intravenously[SUP][citation needed][/SUP]. Both of these methods increase bioavailability and produce a much more rapid onset of effects than when taken orally (within c. 5–10 minutes through insufflation and within just 10–15 seconds through intravenous injection); however the overall duration of action tends to be decreased by any non-oral use of drug preparations made for oral use.[SUP][102][/SUP]
Methylphenidate is sometimes used by students to enhance their mental abilities, improving their concentration and helping them to study. Professor John Harris, an expert in bioethics, has said that it would be unethical to stop healthy people taking the drug. He also argues that it would be "not rational" and against human enhancement to not use the drug to improve people's cognitive abilities.[SUP][103][/SUP] Professor Anjan Chatterjee however has warned that there is a high potential for abuse and may cause serious adverse effects on the heart, meaning that only people with an illness should take the drug. In the British Medical Journal he wrote that it was premature to endorse the use of Ritalin in this way as the effects of the drug on healthy people have not been studied.[SUP][104][/SUP][SUP][105][/SUP] Professor Barbara Sahakian has argued that the use of Ritalin in this way may give students an unfair advantage in examinations and that as a result universities may want to discuss making students give urine samples to be tested for the drug.[SUP][106]
متن بالا اشاره ای به ریتالین دارد
پروفسور جان هریس گفته که استفاده از این دارو امری غیر اخلاقی و از نظر پزشکی هم هشدار داده شده
اما همین پروفسور از اثر اعجاز امیز این دارو گفت و گفته که حتی تو برخی از امتحانات مهم از دانش اموزان ازمایش ادرار گرفته شده.
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Abuse of prescription stimulants is higher amongst college students than non-college attending young adults. College students use methylphenidate either as a study aid or to stay awake longer. Increased alcohol consumption due to stimulant misuse has additional negative effects on health.[SUP][101][/SUP]
Patients who have been prescribed Ritalin have been known to sell their tablets to others who wish to take the drug recreationally[SUP][citation needed][/SUP]. In the USA it is one of the top ten stolen prescription drugs.[SUP][medical citation needed][/SUP] Recreational users may crush the tablets and either snort the powder, or dissolve the powder in water, filter it through cotton wool into a syringe to remove the inactive ingredients and other particles and inject the drug intravenously[SUP][citation needed][/SUP]. Both of these methods increase bioavailability and produce a much more rapid onset of effects than when taken orally (within c. 5–10 minutes through insufflation and within just 10–15 seconds through intravenous injection); however the overall duration of action tends to be decreased by any non-oral use of drug preparations made for oral use.[SUP][102][/SUP]
Methylphenidate is sometimes used by students to enhance their mental abilities, improving their concentration and helping them to study. Professor John Harris, an expert in bioethics, has said that it would be unethical to stop healthy people taking the drug. He also argues that it would be "not rational" and against human enhancement to not use the drug to improve people's cognitive abilities.[SUP][103][/SUP] Professor Anjan Chatterjee however has warned that there is a high potential for abuse and may cause serious adverse effects on the heart, meaning that only people with an illness should take the drug. In the British Medical Journal he wrote that it was premature to endorse the use of Ritalin in this way as the effects of the drug on healthy people have not been studied.[SUP][104][/SUP][SUP][105][/SUP] Professor Barbara Sahakian has argued that the use of Ritalin in this way may give students an unfair advantage in examinations and that as a result universities may want to discuss making students give urine samples to be tested for the drug.[SUP][106]
متن بالا اشاره ای به ریتالین دارد
پروفسور جان هریس گفته که استفاده از این دارو امری غیر اخلاقی و از نظر پزشکی هم هشدار داده شده
اما همین پروفسور از اثر اعجاز امیز این دارو گفت و گفته که حتی تو برخی از امتحانات مهم از دانش اموزان ازمایش ادرار گرفته شده.
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